Cryptoeconomics

News, data and analysis on tokenized assets, market design and digital economic systems.

Cryptoeconomics: The economics of onchain markets. News, data and analysis on tokenized assets, market design and digital economic systems.

Today's lead coverage

Regulation

Kenya gazettes Virtual Asset Service Providers Regulations, splitting supervision between the central bank and capital markets authority

Kenya gazetted the Virtual Asset Service Providers Regulations, 2026 on 24 July 2026, completing implementation of the VASP Act assented to in October 2025. The Central Bank of Kenya will supervise fiat conversion services and stablecoin issuers, while the…

Kenya Law: Virtual Asset Service Providers Act, 2025 4 reports

The wire

Every development we have verified against a primary source, newest first. Each entry links to the filing, release or dataset it came from.

All coverage →

Markets

One series at a time, with its source, its cadence and what it excludes stated on the figure.

Market data →
Franklin OnChain U.S. Government Money Fund, net assets
Total net assets at fiscal year end
0$250m$500m$750m$1bn20222023202420252026
View as table
PeriodFranklin OnChain U.S. Government Money Fund, net assetsNote
2022-03-31$1,958,000First full fiscal year end after the fund commenced operations on 6 April 2021; the financial highlights print net assets of $1,958 thousand.
2023-03-31$272,929,000
2024-03-31$360,554,000
2025-03-31$687,263,352
2026-03-31$843,835,815Matches the statement of assets and liabilities in the same annual report; the financial highlights round it to $843,836 thousand.
Source: US Securities and Exchange Commission (Franklin Templeton Trust, Form N-CSR) · As of 31 March 2026 · Unit: US dollars · Frequency: annual, fiscal year ending 31 March · Coverage: one US-registered fund · Method: Total net assets of the Franklin OnChain U.S. Government Money Fund, the US-registered money market fund whose share register is maintained on public blockchains, as filed in its audited annual report on Form N-CSR.

Reading this figure

A number on this site is either something a source published or nothing at all. Where a series has gaps we leave them as gaps: no interpolation, no carry-forward, no zero standing in for an unknown.

Editorial standards →

What the tokenized market is made of

Aggregates are compiled per asset class from the sources named on each figure. Classes without a verified aggregate are listed but not sized.

All asset classes →
Reported value by asset class
Share of the total of the classes for which an aggregate is published
Government securitiesPrivate creditTokenized fundsReal estateCommoditiesEquities
View as table
CategoryValue
Government securities$16,200,000,000
Private credit$6,980,000,000
Tokenized funds$1,410,000,000
Real estate$202,630,000
Commodities$4,590,000,000
Equities$1,940,000,000
Source: RWA.xyz · Compiled from the per-class sources listed on each asset-class page. Not a survey; not exhaustive.
Sorted by asset class, not by size, and showing only what a provider has published for each. Where nobody publishes an aggregate the row says so rather than carry an estimate. Each class page states the market behind the figure.
Asset class Reported size As of Source
Government securities $16.2bn 25 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Private credit $6.98bn 25 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Tokenized funds $1.41bn 16 June 2026 RWA.xyz
Real estate $203m 25 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Commodities $4.59bn 25 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Equities $1.94bn 22 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Corporate debt no verified aggregate
Tokenized deposits no verified aggregate
Stablecoins $298bn 25 July 2026 RWA.xyz
Other tokenized assets no verified aggregate

Desks

Standing coverage areas. Each has its own index, its own feed and its own reading list.

All topics →

Tokenized capital markets

Securities issued, settled and serviced on programmable ledgers: government paper, funds, credit and the market structure forming around them.

12 stories

Stablecoins & payments

Dollar and non-dollar tokens as payment instruments: reserves, redemption, distribution economics and the corridors that use them.

14 stories

Market design

Auctions, order flow, settlement guarantees and incentive design: the rules that decide who captures value in an onchain market.

9 stories

Protocol economics

Where protocol revenue comes from, who it accrues to, and whether the accounting survives contact with a downturn.

4 stories

Governance

How onchain systems make binding decisions, and who is actually able to make them.

3 stories

Economic security

The cost of attacking a system versus the value it secures: staking, restaking, slashing and validator economics.

2 stories

Decentralised finance

Lending, exchange and derivatives built as open protocols, and the balance-sheet mechanics underneath.

8 stories

Prediction markets

Markets that price events, what their prices can and cannot be read as, and their regulatory position.

2 stories

Regulation

Statutes, rules and supervisory practice across jurisdictions, tracked as they change rather than as they were announced.

15 stories

Institutions

Banks, asset managers, exchanges, custodians and central banks: what they have actually deployed, not what they have signalled.

16 stories

Africa & emerging markets

Currency substitution, remittance corridors and settlement gaps in economies where the demand for dollar liquidity is structural.

5 stories

Analysis

Longer pieces, written from the data on this site and citing it.

All analysis →
Analysis

Dollar access without dollar accounts

Receiving $200 in Sub-Saharan Africa cost 8.46% in the third quarter of 2025; the tokens undercutting that price are almost entirely dollar-denominated, and the flows are unmeasured.

Research summary

Settlement pilots that became production

Legal designation and a cash leg that was already someone's liability separate the wholesale settlement systems now carrying volume from the multi-jurisdiction platforms that handed themselves over or stayed prototypes.

Analysis

The euro stablecoin gap

Circle's euro token held €381.8m in June 2026 against $72.6bn of its dollar token, and MiCA's ban on paying interest sent what euro demand exists onchain into money market funds instead.

Analysis

What tokenized private credit actually funds

Secured crypto lending, US home-equity loans and AAA CLO tranches account for most of the $6.99bn; bilateral loans to mid-sized companies, the FSB's definition of private credit, barely appear.

Founder & Editor

Cryptoeconomics is edited by Olaoluwa Samuel-Biyi, co-founder of Busha, a leading African digital-asset exchange.

About the publication →

The record

A dated, sourced entry for each development that changed the market structure.

Full timeline →

DTCC begins limited production trading on its tokenization service

DTCC began limited production trades on the DTC Tokenization Service in July 2026, covering Russell 1000 constituents, large index-tracking exchange-traded funds and US Treasury bills, notes and bonds, with commercial launch targeted for October 2026. More than 50 firms, among them BlackRock, Goldman Sachs, JPMorgan, Kraken and Circle, joined the industry working group; DTCC said tokenized holdings carry the same entitlements and ownership rights as assets held in conventional form.

MiCA transitional period for virtual asset service providers ends

Luxembourg's CSSF said the transitional period under which virtual asset service providers could continue operating in the European Union without a MiCA authorisation ended on 1 July 2026. Firms without a crypto-asset service provider authorisation must wind down EU activity in an orderly way: they may not onboard new customers or market products, and may only allow existing customers to convert holdings into legal tender, transfer them to an authorised platform or move them into self-custody.

Bank of England publishes draft rules for systemic sterling stablecoins

The Bank of England published a policy statement and draft Code of Practice for issuers of systemic sterling stablecoins, setting a temporary guardrail of £40bn per issuance instead of the individual holding limits it had consulted on. Issuers may hold up to 70% of backing assets in short-term UK government debt, with the remaining 30% in deposits at the Bank; responses are due by 22 September 2026 and regulated stablecoins are expected to operate from 2027.

Project Agorá prototype results published, with real-value testing to follow

The Bank for International Settlements reported that the Project Agorá prototype showed tokenisation of central bank reserves and commercial bank deposits can support atomic multi-currency settlement across jurisdictions while leaving each central bank in control of its own money and preserving transaction privacy. Eight central banks and more than 40 private financial institutions took part, and the project said the work would advance to real-value transactions in certain currencies.

Third Circuit holds federal commodities law preempts state gaming law for sports event contracts

A divided panel of the US Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit affirmed a preliminary injunction in KalshiEX LLC v. Flaherty, holding that the Commodity Exchange Act preempts New Jersey's gaming laws as applied to sports event contracts traded on a CFTC-designated contract market, on both field and conflict preemption grounds. Judge Roth dissented, arguing that the presumption against preemption applies with particular force to gambling and that the two regimes can be complied with simultaneously.

SEC approves Nasdaq rule change enabling trading of tokenized securities

The SEC approved a Nasdaq proposed rule change, as modified by Amendment No. 2, permitting securities to trade on the exchange in tokenized form through DTC's tokenization pilot, in Release 34-105047. Eligible participants may set a tokenization flag on orders in Russell 1000 constituents and large index ETFs; tokenized and conventional shares trade on the same order book with the same priority provided they remain fungible and share the same CUSIP and symbol.

Concepts

The reference layer: what a term means, how it is measured, where it is contested, and what to read next.

All concepts →

Atomic settlement

A settlement arrangement in which every leg of a transaction completes together or none completes at all, enforced by the ledger rather than by a chain of intermediary promises.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

Currency substitution

The displacement of a domestic currency by a foreign one in the store-of-value, unit-of-account and payment functions, now increasingly mediated by dollar-referenced stablecoins rather than by physical cash or bank deposits.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

Delivery versus payment

A securities settlement mechanism that links the transfer of an asset to the transfer of its cash consideration so that neither can complete without the other.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

Depegging

One word covers two unrelated events: a venue print 35 cents below a dollar while the issuer's redemption channel never closed, and a token that fell to nothing because there was never anything behind it.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

E-money tokens and asset-referenced tokens

One of MiCA's two categories carries a par redemption right and 46 notified white papers; the other carries redemption at market value and, on ESMA's register in July 2026, not one authorised issuer.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

Governance token voting concentration

Delegated voting power in the largest onchain protocols is distributed with Gini coefficients above 0.94, and in some cases a single delegate can carry a proposal alone, which makes the binding constraint on a decision arithmetic rather than persuasion.

Reviewed 25 Jul 2026

The weekly read on onchain market economics

What issued, what settled, what the supervisors changed, with the numbers behind it and a note on what the numbers do not show. One email, Thursday mornings.

No tracking pixels. Unsubscribe in one click. We do not sell or share the list.